Using the holodeck CLI

Holodeck provisions ephemeral GPU-enabled environments (AWS EC2 or existing SSH targets) for end-to-end testing of NVIDIA Kubernetes components: GPU Operator, device-plugin, container toolkit, and DRA drivers. It handles K8s install, NVIDIA stack install, and teardown.

When to recommend holodeck

• The user needs a real GPU on Kubernetes to verify a fix.
• The user wants a reproducible test env (config-as-code via env.yaml).
• The user is iterating on operator/plugin code and wants kubectl access against actual NVIDIA hardware.

Not the right tool: production clusters, long-lived shared envs, non-GPU testing where kind/k3d would do.

Configuration file (env.yaml)

Single-node example (the canonical shape):

apiVersion: holodeck.nvidia.com/v1alpha1
kind: Environment
metadata:
  name: my-test-env
spec:
  provider: aws
  auth:
    keyName: my-aws-keypair             # AWS EC2 key-pair name (in this region)
    privateKey: ~/.ssh/my-aws-key.pem   # local filesystem path to the .pem
  instance:
    type: g4dn.xlarge        # GPU instance type
    region: us-west-2
    os: ubuntu-22.04         # see 'holodeck os list' for valid IDs
    # Or, for an explicit AMI instead of an OS ID:
    # image:
    #   imageId: ami-0123456789abcdef0
  containerRuntime:
    install: true
    name: containerd
  nvidiaContainerToolkit:
    install: true
  nvidiaDriver:
    install: true
  kubernetes:
    install: true
    installer: kubeadm
    version: v1.31.1

For multi-node clusters, replace instance: with cluster: (see examples/aws_cluster_ha.yaml). For pre-existing SSH targets, set provider: ssh and configure auth.privateKey / instance host.

Run holodeck os list to discover supported OS identifiers. Today that includes ubuntu-20.04/22.04/24.04/26.04, rocky-9, fedora-42, and amazon-linux-2023 (some are containerd-only — check the NOTES column).

Core workflows

Validate the config first (read-only — no resources created, but does make AWS describe API calls to check instance type, image, and arch compatibility; requires valid AWS credentials):

holodeck dryrun -f env.yaml

Recommended before any new config — provisioning failures cost real money.

Create + provision:

holodeck create -f env.yaml --provision

Drop --provision to create the instance without installing the Kubernetes/NVIDIA stack.

List active environments:

holodeck list
holodeck list -o json   # for scripts; also -o yaml
holodeck list -q        # IDs only

Show one environment's status / details:

holodeck status <instance-id>
holodeck describe <instance-id>

Shell into an instance:

holodeck ssh <instance-id>
holodeck ssh <instance-id> -- nvidia-smi   # one-shot command

Copy files:

holodeck scp ./local-file.txt <instance-id>:/remote/path/
holodeck scp <instance-id>:/remote/file.log ./local/

Get artifacts off the instance:

holodeck get kubeconfig <instance-id>                    # downloads kubeconfig
holodeck get kubeconfig <instance-id> -o ./my.kubeconfig # -o is an output PATH (not a format)
holodeck get ssh-config <instance-id>                    # prints SSH config snippet to stdout

Update an existing environment — bare update <id> is a no-op ("No changes to apply"):

holodeck update <id> --reprovision              # re-run all installers (idempotent)
holodeck update <id> --add-driver               # add NVIDIA driver
holodeck update <id> --add-kubernetes           # add K8s + kubeadm
holodeck update <id> --add-toolkit --enable-cdi # NVIDIA container toolkit
holodeck update <id> --label team=gpu-infra     # repeatable

Destroy:

holodeck delete <instance-id>

Clean up orphaned AWS VPC resources (when a provision failed mid-flight) — region is required either via --region or the AWS_REGION env var:

holodeck cleanup --region us-west-2 vpc-12345678
holodeck cleanup --region us-west-2 vpc-12345678 vpc-87654321   # multiple
AWS_REGION=us-west-2 holodeck cleanup vpc-12345678              # env-var form

OS image discovery

holodeck os list                                       # table of supported OS IDs
holodeck os describe ubuntu-22.04                      # details for one OS
holodeck os ami ubuntu-22.04 --region us-east-1        # resolve to an AMI ID
holodeck os ami ubuntu-22.04 --region us-east-1 --arch arm64

Output flags

Read commands (list, status, describe) accept -o table|json|yaml (default table). Use -o json in scripts. os list prints a fixed table and does not take -o.

Common pitfalls

• Instance IDs — short hex strings (e.g. 878b6723) shown by holodeck list. They are NOT AWS-style i-… IDs. Always grab the ID from holodeck list output, not the AWS console.
• Flag ordering — flags and the positional ID can go in either order on every subcommand: update <id> --add-driver and update --add-driver <id> both parse identically.
• AWS credentials — the SDK reads AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID / AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY from the environment (or any other SDK-supported source: shared credentials file, IAM role, etc.). These are separate from auth.keyName / auth.privateKey in env.yaml: those are literal values — auth.keyName is the EC2 SSH key-pair name registered in the target region, and auth.privateKey is a filesystem path to the .pem on disk. Some example files in examples/ use placeholder strings (e.g. HOLODECK_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID); those are intended as user-replaceable templates, NOT env-var references — holodeck does not call os.Getenv on them. Substitute actual values before running.
• Region — instance region must match a region with available GPU capacity. g4dn and p4 families have limited inventory in some regions; us-west-2 and us-east-1 are reliable.
• OS — only IDs listed by holodeck os list are valid for spec.instance.os. For an explicit AMI, set spec.instance.image.imageId instead (and omit os).
• Cache — instance metadata lives in ~/.cache/holodeck/ by default; pass --cachepath <dir> to override. list shows only cached envs.
• VPC leak — failed provisions sometimes leave VPCs orphaned. Use holodeck cleanup vpc-<id> to remove them.

Anti-patterns

• Don't run create --provision against an unfamiliar config without running holodeck dryrun -f env.yaml first — provisioning failures cost real money.
• Don't commit a populated env.yaml — auth.privateKey resolves to a filesystem path; keep it outside the repo and chmod the .pem to 0600. Source AWS credentials from the environment / SDK chain, not from env.yaml.
• Don't manually terraform destroy against a holodeck-managed env; use holodeck delete <id>, which cleans up both infra and cache.