Migrating a World from the v4 spec to v5

This skill is for a package that implements World from @workflow/world: a storage, queue and stream backend the Workflow runtime talks to. It is not for application code. If the task is bumping an app's workflow dependency, use the migrating-workflow-v4-to-v5 skill instead; if the app both uses Workflow and ships its own World, run that skill first and this one second.

An app on the Vercel, Local or Postgres World needs nothing from this skill. Those ship with the SDK and are already on the v5 spec.

One change dominates the work. Event ID allocation is required, is not visible from the type signatures, and a World that skips it type-checks, starts runs, and fails on the first replay. Do that part first, then the mechanical rewrites. Do not begin with the type errors: they are the small half, and finishing them produces a World that looks migrated and is not.

Intake

Before editing, establish and report each of these:

1. Where the World is. Grep for implements World, : World, World> and from '@workflow/world'. Read the factory it exports.
2. How event IDs are minted today. Grep for eventId, ulid, uuid, nanoid, nextval, AUTO_INCREMENT, IDENTITY. Find the exact line that produces the ID written to storage.
3. What settles a write race. Read the events.create implementation. Note whether the ID or ordering is decided in process (read-then-write, an in-memory counter, a Math.max over loaded events) or in the store (unique constraint, conditional write, INSERT ... ON CONFLICT, a transaction).
4. Which specVersion it declares. Grep for specVersion. Note whether it is a literal or an imported constant.
5. Which optional members exist. Grep for capabilities, analytics, getRuntimeDeadline, getEnvironment, createRunId, describeRun, getEncryptionKeyForRun, resolveLatestDeploymentId, cancelMany, experimentalSetAttributes.
6. Whether it provisions step topics. Grep for 'step', __wkf_step, stepQueue.
7. Whether it rejects stale writes. Grep for PreconditionFailedError, preconditionGuard, stateUpdatedAt, stateEventCount, stateCursor, 412.
8. How it is tested. Grep for @workflow/world-testing and createTestSuite. A World without the conformance suite wired up gets it in this migration.
9. Where its runs live. Ask, or determine from the deployment model, whether a single deployment serves every run or a run is pinned to the deployment that created it. This decides the rollout in step 6 and cannot be read out of the code.

Report anything not applicable rather than skipping it silently.

Step 1 — event ID allocation

In v4 an event ID was a ULID the World minted however it liked. In v5 an event ID is the event's position in its run's log: evnt_ followed by a 1-based slot, zero-padded to 26 characters, so a run's first event is evnt_00000000000000000000000001.

import { slotToEventId, eventIdToSlot, FIRST_EVENT_SLOT } from '@workflow/world';

slotToEventId(1); // 'evnt_00000000000000000000000001'
eventIdToSlot('evnt_00000000000000000000000042'); // 42
eventIdToSlot('evnt_01JQ...'); // null

Format IDs with slotToEventId(). Do not hand-roll the padding. The fixed width is what makes lexicographic order the same as positional order, so a World padding to a different width sorts its own log wrongly past ten events.

There is no capability to declare and no fallback path. The runtime calls requireEventSlot() on IDs it loads, which throws Event id is not slot-numbered: <id>. This World allocates event positions the runtime cannot read.

Four rules bind the implementation. Check each against the code found in intake items 2 and 3:

• Uniqueness. Two concurrent appends must not both take a slot. Settle it where the store settles it: a unique constraint on (runId, eventId), a conditional write, or a serializable transaction. Reading the maximum slot and adding one in process is the failure mode this rule exists for, and it survives light testing because it only breaks under concurrency.
• Density. Slots run from 1 with no holes. A writer that loses a race re-derives its slot from the store and takes the next free one. Incrementing a local number after a loss leaves a permanent hole, and the runtime fails the run with CORRUPTED_EVENT_LOG rather than replay across one.
• Bump and report. events.create() params carry eventCount: how many events the writer held in the log it replayed from, so the slot it expects is eventCount + 1. When that slot is taken, do not reject the write. Commit at the next free slot, and return the events occupying the slots you skipped on the success response, in events with a matching cursor and hasMore. A stale count is the normal case for a parallel fan-out; rejecting it would serialize writes the runtime deliberately issues concurrently. A create that arrives with no eventCount came from a caller with no loaded log (a queued step body, an out-of-band writer) and is always accepted.
• Allocate at the commit. Take the slot in the same operation that appends the event, never earlier. This is what makes a reader's log a prefix of the run's log rather than a prefix with a hole in it: nothing can land behind a slot a reader has already passed. A World that hands out a slot in a request handler and commits later breaks the property every replay depends on.

The shape that satisfies all four, for a SQL store with a unique key on (run_id, event_id), is to compute the ID inside the insert and let the constraint arbitrate:

INSERT INTO events (run_id, event_id, event_type, data)
SELECT $1,
       'evnt_' || lpad((coalesce(
         (SELECT cast(substring(prev.event_id from 6) AS bigint)
            FROM events prev WHERE prev.run_id = $1
           ORDER BY prev.event_id DESC LIMIT 1), 0) + 1)::text, 26, '0'),
       $2, $3
ON CONFLICT (run_id, event_id) DO NOTHING
RETURNING event_id;

No row returned means another writer took that slot. Retry the same statement: it re-reads the maximum from a store that has already advanced, which is the bump. @workflow/world-postgres does exactly this, with a bounded retry count and jittered backoff after the first few immediate attempts, and absorbs the conflict with DO NOTHING rather than raising, because these inserts run inside a transaction an error would poison.

The exact statement matters less than the property: the slot is computed and the row is inserted in one atomic operation against the rows the constraint protects, so a loser retries against the store rather than against a number it remembered. A store without conditional writes needs a serializable transaction instead, not an in-process lock, which only orders the writers inside one process.

Then return the skipped span whenever the committed slot exceeds eventCount + 1. Understating eventCount is safe and overstating is not: a count below the writer's true position only widens the reported span, which the writer discards where its log already holds the events; a count above it makes the World report less than the writer is missing, which is a hole the writer never learns about.

Step 2 — declare the spec version

specVersion is the protocol version the World implements, and the number stamped on every run it creates. Import the constant:

import { SPEC_VERSION_CURRENT } from '@workflow/world';

export function createWorld(): World {
  return {
    specVersion: SPEC_VERSION_CURRENT,
    // ...
  };
}

The runtime checks this against [SPEC_VERSION_CURRENT, SPEC_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED] before it creates or replays anything and refuses a World outside that range, naming both the range and what the World declared. The floor sits where it does because slot-numbered IDs are required: a World declaring less allocates IDs the runtime cannot read positions out of.

Replace a literal with the constant even when the numbers currently agree. A literal leaves the World a version behind the next bump and gets it rejected by the runtime it ships alongside. SPEC_VERSION_SUPPORTS_SLOT_IDENTITY is a literal by another name for this purpose: it names the version that introduced slots rather than the version to declare.

Runs carry their own spec version, persisted at creation, and keep it for life. Read it off the run rather than assuming every run matches what the World declares today.

Step 3 — apply the mechanical rewrites

These are signature and module-shape changes. Apply each only where the pattern appears.

Streams moved to a streams namespace, with runId first

The argument order flipped, so moving the methods without swapping arguments passes a stream name where a run ID is expected and type-checks whenever both are string. readFromStream had no runId at all; streams.get requires one, so thread the owning run through.

streams.streamFlushIntervalMs sets the flush window. The v5 default is 0, so the first chunk flushes immediately. Set a value only to deliberately coalesce writes.

steps.get() requires a runId

The first parameter was string | undefined and is now string. A World that looked a step up by ID alone needs the run in its key or its index.

events.listByCorrelationId() requires a runId

A correlation ID identifies a step, hook or wait within its run, not across runs. Scope the lookup to one run. A World that paginates by event ID needs the run in its cursor comparison too, since two runs can now hold the same correlation ID. The same applies to analytics.events.listByCorrelationId().

Export a createWorld() factory

createLocalWorld() and createVercelWorld() are gone from the first-party packages, which now export createWorld(). Match that shape. The arguments are unchanged; this is a rename.

Worlds are injected at build time

World selection is static, resolved into host bundles by the build rather than looked up dynamically at runtime. Verify the World still resolves after the upgrade and that its module graph survives bundling. A World that relied on a runtime require of a path computed from an environment variable will not be found.

Step 4 — the contract changes

These change no signature. A World ported by types alone compiles and then behaves incorrectly.

• Suspension dispatch is batched. The asymmetric { timeoutSeconds } wait-return contract is gone. A wait is an ordinary queue continuation carrying delaySeconds, and a suspension dispatches its waits and its steps as one parallel batch. A queue that assumed one message per suspension needs to handle the batch.
• Step queue topics are retired. The 'step' queue kind no longer exists. Queued steps travel on the workflow topic carrying stepId and stepName in the payload, and execute in the combined flow handler. Drop any __wkf_step_* topic provisioning.
• The preconditionGuard capability is gone, and so is the reason for it. A World that rejected an event creation whose snapshot was behind the log can delete that code and its stateUpdatedAt / stateEventCount / stateCursor plumbing. Bump-and-report replaced it: a stale replay costs a merge instead of a rejection. PreconditionFailedError still exists for a World that allocates slots away from the commit and would rather refuse than report, which a World following step 1 is not.
• Capabilities fail closed. An unadvertised capability costs performance, never correctness, so a partial World stays correct while it catches up. The reverse is not true: advertising something not enforced removes a guard the runtime was relying on. Set a flag only once the behavior is implemented.
• Event creation may return a delta. events.create() may return events alongside the one it created, in events / cursor / hasMore. Beyond the bump-and-report case in step 1, the runtime uses this to skip a follow-up events.list on run_started, on step-terminal writes carrying sinceCursor, and on hook_received writes carrying preloadEvents. All three are advisory: returning only the created event stays correct and pays one more round trip.

Step 5 — optional surface worth adopting

None of this is required, and the runtime routes around each absence. Report what the World is missing rather than implementing everything unprompted.

capabilities (hookRetention.active, hookResumeDedup, deploymentAffinity, maxConcurrency), analytics, runs.experimentalSetAttributes, runs.cancelMany, getRuntimeDeadline(), getEnvironment(), createRunId(), describeRun(), getEncryptionKeyForRun(), resolveLatestDeploymentId(), close().

Two are worth raising unprompted because their absence is felt rather than reported. Without getRuntimeDeadline() the inline replay budget is a flat two minutes, so a host with a long function timeout does less work per invocation than it could. Without close(), CLI commands and short-lived processes cannot exit cleanly without process.exit().

Step 6 — the rollout

Warn the user, in the migration report, before they deploy:

Runs already in the store cannot be replayed by the new code. A ULID-numbered run is not readable as positions, and the runtime refuses it rather than guessing. There is no mixed-scheme mode and no per-run fallback.

Which follows depends on intake item 9. Where a run executes on the deployment that created it, this resolves itself: those runs finish on the build that started them and never meet the new code. Where a single deployment serves every run, the in-flight ones must be drained on the 4.x build before the v5 World is deployed, or they will fail.

Verification

Wire up the conformance suite first. It is the cheapest way to catch the step 1 work being wrong:

import { createTestSuite } from '@workflow/world-testing';

createTestSuite('@my-org/my-world'); // or a path to the built entrypoint

The suite spawns a server with WORKFLOW_TARGET_WORLD set to that value and runs real workflows against it. Its numbers events by position test fails a World whose IDs do not decode to slots, whose run is not dense from 1, or whose IDs are not in canonical form. That turns the failure that would otherwise appear on a first replay into one line of test output.

Then run, in order, and report actual output:

1. Build and typecheck the World package.
2. The conformance suite.
3. The World's own test suite.
4. An end-to-end run against a real app, covering: a run that suspends on a step and one that suspends on a wait; a parallel fan-out, so concurrent events.create() calls race for the same slot; a hook resumed after its run has progressed; a stream written and read back, including one closed before the reader attaches.

Concurrency is the part that light testing misses. If the World's tests never issue two events.create() calls for the same run at once, add one that does before calling the migration done.

Fail the migration if any of these are true:

• an event ID is produced by anything other than slotToEventId()
• the slot is chosen by reading a maximum, or a counter, outside the operation that commits the event
• the slot is handed out before the commit
• events.create() rejects, throws or retries a write whose eventCount + 1 slot was taken, instead of bumping to the next free slot
• a bumped write returns without the skipped events on events / cursor / hasMore
• a create carrying no eventCount is rejected
• specVersion is a literal, or SPEC_VERSION_SUPPORTS_SLOT_IDENTITY, rather than SPEC_VERSION_CURRENT
• a streams.* call kept the v4 argument order (name before runId)
• steps.get or listByCorrelationId is reachable without a run ID
• a capability is advertised whose behavior is not implemented
• @workflow/world-testing is not wired up, or its results were not reported
• the rollout warning in step 6 was not given
• the build, typecheck or test results were not actually run and reported

Required output shape

## Summary
## Event ID Allocation
## Interface Changes
## Contract Changes
## Optional Surface Not Implemented
## Rollout
## Verification
## Open Questions

• ## Event ID Allocation states where the slot is now computed, what settles a race for it, and how a bumped write reports the span it skipped. Quote the code.
• ## Optional Surface Not Implemented lists what was left out and what each absence costs, so the user can decide.
• ## Rollout carries the step 6 warning and which of its two cases applies to this deployment.

Reference

• Upgrading a World to v5: https://workflow.dev/worlds/upgrading-to-v5
• Building a World: https://workflow.dev/worlds/building-a-world
• Event IDs: https://workflow.dev/docs/how-it-works/event-sourcing#event-ids
• What's new in v5 (application-facing): https://workflow.dev/docs/whats-new
• Reference implementations: packages/world-local and packages/world-postgres in https://github.com/vercel/workflow