Running Rally benchmarks

Launch a race against Elasticsearch and interpret its summary report. Rally can run benchmarks several ways (see Choose a pipeline).

For meaningful results, prefer an existing/external cluster you control: running Rally locally co-locates the load driver and the system under test on one host, where they can perturb each other's measurements. Local deployment is a good fit when that's not a concern — smoke testing, fast iterative local development, or demos.

Safety

• Never run Rally as root — Elasticsearch refuses to start with root privileges.
• Strongly avoid benchmarking production. Rally mutates cluster state (creating, writing to, and deleting indices), and competing traffic can perturb results. Prefer a dedicated, quiet environment.

Choose a pipeline

Rally infers the pipeline from your flags.

benchmark-only trade-off (docs/pipelines.rst): because Rally did not provision the cluster, results are not easily reproducible and Rally cannot gather host-level metrics (CPU, GC, disk I/O, index size). Treat those numbers as directional.

Launch a race

1. Discover tracks, then inspect one:

   esrally list tracks
   esrally info --track=pmc
   

2. Run against the cluster:

   esrally race --track=pmc --pipeline=benchmark-only \
     --target-hosts=10.5.5.10:9200,10.5.5.11:9200
   

3. Secured cluster — TLS + basic auth via --client-options:

   esrally race --track=pmc --pipeline=benchmark-only --target-hosts=host:9243 \
     --client-options="use_ssl:true,verify_certs:true,basic_auth_user:'elastic',basic_auth_password:'changeme'"
   

   
   API-key auth (including Elastic Cloud / Serverless — see docs/serverless.rst):

   esrally race --track=geonames --pipeline=benchmark-only --target-hosts=${ES_HOST}:443 \
     --client-options="use_ssl:true,api_key:${ES_API_KEY}" --on-error=abort
   

4. Record the race-id so you can find the results later. Rally assigns a random UUID by default; pass your own with --race-id to know it up front:

   RACE_ID=$(uuidgen)
   esrally race --track=pmc --pipeline=benchmark-only --target-hosts=host:9200 --race-id="$RACE_ID"
   echo "$RACE_ID"   # note this for `esrally compare` / metrics-store queries
   

   
   If Rally generated the id, recover the most recent one afterwards with esrally list races. (Optionally add --user-tags="key:value" for human-friendly filtering — not required.)
5. Save the report: --report-file=~/benchmarks/result.md (add --report-format=csv for CSV).
6. Fast setup/smoke check: add --test-mode to ingest a tiny slice instead of the full corpus.

Multi-cluster A/B (benchmark-only only; telemetry disabled in this mode): add --multi-cluster with JSON-format --target-hosts/--client-options. See docs/recipes.rst.

Races are long-running (often 20+ minutes) and download large corpora on the first run for a track. Treat a race as a long job, not a quick command.

Validate correctness before trusting numbers

Rally does not abort on query errors by default — it folds them into the error rate in the summary, which silently skews results.

• Confirm operations return the hits you expect. A mapping mismatch (e.g. text vs keyword) yields 0 hits with no error.
• While validating, use --on-error=abort and/or add track-level assertions and run with --enable-assertions.
• A non-zero error rate on a task means those results are suspect. See docs/recipes.rst.

Read the summary report

• throughput — operations per second (higher is better).
• latency — includes the time a request waits in the queue before Rally sends it.
• service_time — request→response only, excludes wait (what most load-test tools incorrectly call "latency").
• processing_time — includes Rally's client-side overhead; a large gap vs service_time points to a client-side bottleneck.
• Metrics are reported per task; "Cumulative … of primary shards" is not wall-clock time.
• Check error rate first as a validity gate.

See docs/summary_report.rst and docs/metrics.rst.

References

• Running & pipelines: docs/race.rst, docs/pipelines.rst
• Recipes (existing cluster, Elastic Cloud, multi-cluster): docs/recipes.rst
• Serverless: docs/serverless.rst
• Report & metric definitions: docs/summary_report.rst, docs/metrics.rst
• All flags (do not invent flags; verify here or via esrally <subcommand> --help): docs/command_line_reference.rst
• Comparing and charting results across past races: the accessing-benchmark-results skill